Usuário:JMagalhães/Notepad121

Glossário de adicção e dependência
	Adicção – perturbação mental caracterizada pela procura compulsiva de estímulos recompensadores apesar das consequências negativas desse comportamento.; comportamento adictivo – comportamento simultaneamente recompensador e reforçador; Substância adictiva – uma substância ou droga que é simultaneamente recompensadora e reforçadora; Dependência de substâncias – an adaptive state associated with a withdrawal syndrome upon cessation of repeated exposure to a stimulus (e.g., drug intake); tolerência reversa ou sensibilização – the escalating effect of a drug resulting from repeated administration at a given dose; síndrome de abstinência – sintomas que ocorrem após a interrupção do consumo repetido de uma droga; dependência física – dependência que envolve sintomas de abstinência físicos e somáticos, como fadiga ou delirium tremens; dependência psicológica – dependência que envolve sintomas de abstinência emocionais e motivacionais, como disforia ou anedonia; estímulos reforçadores – estímulos que aumentam a pobabilidade de repetir os comportamentos a eles associados; estímulos recompensadores – estímulos que o cérebro interpreta como intrinsecamente positivos e desejáveis ou algo a ser obtido; sensibilização – resposta amplificada a um estímulo em resultado da exposição prolongada a esse estímulo; perturbação por abuso de substâncias – condição em que o consumo de substâncias resulta em prejuízos ou dificuldades clinicamente significativas; tolerância – diminuição do efeito de uma droga resultante da repetida administração em determinada dose;

↑ Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). «Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders». In: Sydor A, Brown RY. Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 364–375. ISBN 9780071481274
↑ Nestler EJ (dezembro de 2013). «Cellular basis of memory for addiction». Dialogues Clin. Neurosci. 15 (4): 431–443. PMC 3898681. PMID 24459410. Despite the importance of numerous psychosocial factors, at its core, drug addiction involves a biological process: the ability of repeated exposure to a drug of abuse to induce changes in a vulnerable brain that drive the compulsive seeking and taking of drugs, and loss of control over drug use, that define a state of addiction. ... A large body of literature has demonstrated that such ΔFosB induction in D1-type [nucleus accumbens] neurons increases an animal's sensitivity to drug as well as natural rewards and promotes drug self-administration, presumably through a process of positive reinforcement ... Another ΔFosB target is cFos: as ΔFosB accumulates with repeated drug exposure it represses c-Fos and contributes to the molecular switch whereby ΔFosB is selectively induced in the chronic drug-treated state.⁴¹. ... Moreover, there is increasing evidence that, despite a range of genetic risks for addiction across the population, exposure to sufficiently high doses of a drug for long periods of time can transform someone who has relatively lower genetic loading into an addict.
↑ «Glossary of Terms». Mount Sinai School of Medicine. Department of Neuroscience. Consultado em 9 de fevereiro de 2015
↑ Volkow ND, Koob GF, McLellan AT (janeiro de 2016). «Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction». N. Engl. J. Med. 374 (4): 363–371. PMID 26816013. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1511480. Substance-use disorder: A diagnostic term in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) referring to recurrent use of alcohol or other drugs that causes clinically and functionally significant impairment, such as health problems, disability, and failure to meet major responsibilities at work, school, or home. Depending on the level of severity, this disorder is classified as mild, moderate, or severe.
Addiction: A term used to indicate the most severe, chronic stage of substance-use disorder, in which there is a substantial loss of self-control, as indicated by compulsive drug taking despite the desire to stop taking the drug. In the DSM-5, the term addiction is synonymous with the classification of severe substance-use disorder.

[Addiction_glossary-1] Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). «Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders». In: Sydor A, Brown RY. Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 364–375. ISBN 9780071481274

[Cellular_basis-2] Nestler EJ (dezembro de 2013). «Cellular basis of memory for addiction». Dialogues Clin. Neurosci. 15 (4): 431–443. PMC 3898681. PMID 24459410. Despite the importance of numerous psychosocial factors, at its core, drug addiction involves a biological process: the ability of repeated exposure to a drug of abuse to induce changes in a vulnerable brain that drive the compulsive seeking and taking of drugs, and loss of control over drug use, that define a state of addiction. ... A large body of literature has demonstrated that such ΔFosB induction in D1-type [nucleus accumbens] neurons increases an animal's sensitivity to drug as well as natural rewards and promotes drug self-administration, presumably through a process of positive reinforcement ... Another ΔFosB target is cFos: as ΔFosB accumulates with repeated drug exposure it represses c-Fos and contributes to the molecular switch whereby ΔFosB is selectively induced in the chronic drug-treated state.⁴¹. ... Moreover, there is increasing evidence that, despite a range of genetic risks for addiction across the population, exposure to sufficiently high doses of a drug for long periods of time can transform someone who has relatively lower genetic loading into an addict.

[Nestler_Labs_Glossary-3] «Glossary of Terms». Mount Sinai School of Medicine. Department of Neuroscience. Consultado em 9 de fevereiro de 2015

[Brain_disease-4] Volkow ND, Koob GF, McLellan AT (janeiro de 2016). «Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction». N. Engl. J. Med. 374 (4): 363–371. PMID 26816013. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1511480. Substance-use disorder: A diagnostic term in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) referring to recurrent use of alcohol or other drugs that causes clinically and functionally significant impairment, such as health problems, disability, and failure to meet major responsibilities at work, school, or home. Depending on the level of severity, this disorder is classified as mild, moderate, or severe.
Addiction: A term used to indicate the most severe, chronic stage of substance-use disorder, in which there is a substantial loss of self-control, as indicated by compulsive drug taking despite the desire to stop taking the drug. In the DSM-5, the term addiction is synonymous with the classification of severe substance-use disorder.

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